The process of extracting constituents from herbal powders by packing them into a funnel and allowing a menstruum (often alcohol or water) to slowly flow through the powdered herb.

A plant that lives for more than 2 years. The aboveground parts of perennial plants may die back at the end of the growing season, but the roots often endure for many years, producing new growth each spring.

A system of herbalism developed by Samuel Thomson in the United States during the 19th century CE.

A biologically active substance in plants.

Natural estrogen-like substances that occur in plants.

An ayurvedic dosha associated with fire or bile. Pitta qualities are light, hot, oily, sharp, liquid, sour, and pungent.

A pill, compound, or experience that is similar in appearance to an agent being tested in a clinical trial, but has no direct physiological effect. Placebo response The perceived healing, improvement of symptoms, or actual healing from a substance or experience that is a placebo.

An herbalist and naturalist who lived from BCE 23-79; author of the Natural History, a work comprised of 37 volumes, of which books XX to XXXll deal with herbs.

A mass of freshly macerated herbs applied to an area of the body in order to address an imbalance.

The ayurvedic concept of vital energy.

A gardening term; the process of creating new plants from plant cuttings.